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SAMUWAR KWAMFUTA

 

SAMUWAR KWAMFUTA

Shi samuwar na’ura mai kwakwalwa (electronic computers) tun lok
uta dasuka gabata an rabashi lokaci bayan lokaci (Generations) ko ince mataki kan mataki kuma kowane lokaci ana samun chaji domin kara girmaman ilimin fasaha (technological development) wanda koyaushe yakan samarda cigaba da saukaka aiki da kwamfuta. Wannan ya samarda cigaba da sauwaqa dakuama issash-shen dogaro wajen aiki da kwamfuta. Yanzu bari muje matakai (Generations) har zuwa matakin damuke ayau.

Matakin farko (First Generation) 1940 - 1956: Vacuum Tubes 

Kwamfuta a matakin farko anyi amfanine da abunda ake kira Vacum Tubes don kulakulan wutar lantarki da zagawarta (circuitry) dakuma ganga /drom (drums) domin ajiyar bayanai.

Wadannan kwamfutoci sunakasance manya manya kuma suna samarda zafi maid an yawa, sannan sunada tsadar amfani kuma tana jan wutan lantarki mai. yawa. Wani lokaci zafinda take samarwa yakan janyomata tasgaro wajen aiki (malfunctionin). Ana shigarmata da sako ta ganyar punch card da paper tape (katin/ takardun bayani) sanna tafitar dashi ta printouts. Sannan ita wannan kwamfuta tana aiki guda dayane 1 a lokaci guda.

 Zango na biyu (Second Generation) 1956 – 1963: Transistors

                     

 

Transistors

Mataki nabiyu na kwamfuta yamaye gurbin matakin farko Vacuum ta hanyar sanya Transistor (mai kara karfin wutar lantarki)  shi wannan transistor kayan wutan lantarkine dake karawa abubuwan wutan lantarki karfi dakuma aiki cikin sauri da karfi dukda shima wannan yakan samar da zafi kadan dake baiwa kwamfuta damuwa kadan, amma yafi kwamfutar makin farko nesa ba kusaba. Kuma tasamu cigaba wajen amfani da yaren computer na assembly language (yarenda ke baiwa masu kirkirar manhaja cikin kwamfuta damar waremata abinda suke so ta hanyar gajerun kalamai ) zuwa fahimtar yarenda ake kira Hight-level programming languages wato yare mai kamada turanci wato COBOL da FORTRAN. Sannan kwamfutar tana ajiye bayanaine cikin abinda ake kira magnetic core technology, wataran zamu kawo muku bayani akan ma’ajiyar computer da nau’u ukansu.  

Zango na uku (Third Generation) 1964- 1971: Integrated circuits

Integrated circuits

A cigaba da akesamu wajen bunkasan ilimin kimiyyar zamani yakawomu duniyar hada IC wato (integrated Circuit) IC de wasu kayan wutane wadanda ke bada wuta wato electric circuits wanda suka hada da (Voltage,Ampare,Resistors) wadannan susuke haduwa suke zama circuit wato electric circuit; to taruwar wadannan sune ake kira integrated Circuit (IC). Su wadannan circuit su ake hadawa guri daya kuma amatsesu gu daya domin subada abunda ake bukata. Su wadancan transistors aka maidasu kanana akasanyasu akan wani sinadari da ake kira Silicon chips wanda shi yakarawa kwamfuta sauri dakuma sauke nauyinda aka dora mata cikin sauki (speed and efficiency).

A wannan zangonne akasamu allon shigarda bayanai (keyboard) da kwalabar haska bayanai (Monitor) memakon wancan punch card da printouts. Kuma su wadannan kwamfutoci ansanyamusa interface (fuskarda mai amfani zaiga ina yadosa dakuma warware matsalolinsa cikin sauki) ta Babbar manhajar kwamfuta (Operating System). Bayani ka operating system wanda akafi sani da Windows na nan tafe insha Allah cikin jerengiyar rubuce rubucenmu na wannan shafi .

Zango na hudu (Forth Generation) 1971- zuwa yanzu: Microprocessors


Microprocessors


Shi wannan zango na hudu acikinsane aka kaddamar da microprocessor shi Kalmar micro yana nufin  kankani sannan inkaji ance microprocessor shine  dunkulallen dubunnan saikut (thousands of circuits) da aka gina acikin silicon chip guda .

Kamar yadda kananan kwamfutoci suka bazu kuma sukazama mafiya karfi (more powerful) su suke haduwa tare suyi forming network (mahad’i) wanda ayanzu shiya kawo cigaba dakuma haduwar yanar gizo (Internet). Sannu ahanakali zamu kawomuku bayani gameda Network dakuma Internet.

Zango na biyar (fifth Generation) present and Beyond: Artificial Intelligent:


                               

ROBOTIC COMPUTERS

Wannan zango dashi da nakarshe  dazamu ambata sune wanda ake kai ayanzu kuma ana cigaba da bunkasasu tayadda wadannan kwamfutoci zasu dinga aiki kamar mutum, wanda zallar fikira da tunani yake bukata wajen sanya kwamfuta tarika aikiirn na mutum (Robotic)

Zango na shida (sixth Generation) present and Beyond (AI)

Nan zamu dakata dafatan zaku bayyana mana ra’ayoyinku dakuma karawa juna ilimi tareda karafaramana gwiwa don ganin malam bahaushe yazama nagaba gaba wajen damawa dashi kan harkar kimiyyar zamani; musamman na’ura masu kwakwalwa computer da wayoyin hannu.

Segamuwa tagaba muna tafeda menene Babbar Manahajar kwamfuta (Operating System) windows da dangoginsa.

Allah yasa mudace.

Ismail Muhammad.

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